Hawala & Money Laundering — FATF & Prevention Laws

Mastering this topic requires an understanding of the nexus between money laundering, hawala transactions, and the financing of organized crime and terrorism. Candidates should focus on the procedural stages of laundering—placement, layering, and integration—while evaluating the efficacy of India's legislative framework. A strong answer must integrate the role of international watchdogs like FATF with domestic enforcement via the PMLA and the Enforcement Directorate.