Checks & Balances in Indian Constitution

Knowledge Themes

Structural Subtopics

• Relationship between separation of powers and checks and balances
• Legislative control over executive through Question Hour and No-Confidence Motion
• Executive control over legislature via ordinance making and veto powers
• Judicial review of legislative and executive actions under Articles 13 and 32
• Parliamentary oversight of judicial conduct and removal of judges
• Executive role in judicial appointments and the collegium system
• Doctrine of Basic Structure as a check on amending power
• Role of the Opposition and shadow cabinet in a parliamentary democracy
• Impact of judicial activism and overreach on executive functioning
• Financial control of legislature over executive through budget approval
• President's clemency powers under Article 72 as a check on judicial errors
• Challenges to checks and balances from executive dominance and weak opposition
• Role of parliamentary committees in monitoring executive actions
• Constitutional provisions for impeachment of the President