Underdevelopment: Disparity in infrastructure, employment, and human development compared to mainland India fueling resentment.
Political_alienation: Perceived neglect by the central government and a sense of being 'outsiders' in the Indian polity.
Geographical_vulnerability: The 'Chicken’s Neck' (Siliguri Corridor) provides strategic vulnerability, while porous borders with Myanmar and Bangladesh facilitate safe havens and arms smuggling.
Ethnic_identity_and_autonomy: Diverse ethnic groups (Nagas, Mizos, Bodos, Kuki, etc.) seeking self-determination or greater autonomy from the Indian Union.
Migration_and_demographic_shifts: Concerns over illegal immigration (e.g., from Bangladesh) altering local demographics, leading to ethnic friction (e.g., Assam, Tripura).