Structural: Geographical Isolation: Difficult terrain that makes the reach of administration and security forces challenging.
Socio_economic: Land Alienation: Massive displacement of tribal populations due to mining and industrial projects without adequate compensation or rehabilitation.,Poverty and Inequality: Deep-seated economic disparity and lack of basic amenities (health, education, water) in remote areas.,Forest Rights: Perceived and actual violations of traditional forest rights leading to a sense of disenfranchisement among ST communities.
Political_and_governance: Governance Deficit: The absence of the state in 'liberated zones,' creating a power vacuum filled by Maoist parallel governments (Jan Adalats).,Identity Crisis: Failure to integrate tribal identities into the mainstream political discourse.,Weak Implementation of Laws: Ineffective implementation of the PESA Act and Forest Rights Act (FRA) has fueled mistrust.